Ativan
Below, you will find current Ativan clinical studies and
Ativan description.
One milligram of lorazepam does not decrease anxiety
induced by CCK-4 in healthy volunteers: Investigation of neural correlates with
BOLD MRI.
Schunck T, Mathis A, Erb G, Namer IJ, Hode Y, Demazières A, Luthringer R.
J Psychopharmacol.
2010 May 24. [Epub ahead of print]Ativan:
20498136 [Ativan - as supplied by publisher]Related
Ativan Citations
An evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of liquid
chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry versus immunoassay drug testing in pain
patients.
Pesce A, Rosenthal M, West R, West C, Crews B, Mikel C, Almazan P, Latyshev S.
Pain Physician.
2010 May-Jun;13(3):273-81.Ativan:
20495592 [Ativan - in process]Free
ArticleRelated
Ativan Citations
[Antiepileptic drugs in North America]
Akiyama T, Otsubo H.
Brain Nerve.
2010 May;62(5):519-26. Japanese.
Ativan: 20450099 [Ativan - in process]Related
Ativan Citations
Herpes encephalitis presenting with an opercular
syndrome and epilepsia partialis continua.
Almekhlafi MA, Couillard PL, Patry DG, Jetté N.
Neurologist.
2010 May;16(3):208-10.Ativan:
20445434 [Ativan - in process]Related
Ativan Citations
Ocular adverse effects of common psychotropic
agents: a review.
Richa S, Yazbek JC.
CNS Drugs.
2010 Jun 1;24(6):501-26. doi: 10.2165/11533180-000000000-00000.Ativan:
20443647 [Ativan - in process]Related
Ativan Citations
A 7-year-old child with Down syndrome and disruptive
behaviors.
Cohen
WI,
Liu YH, Stein MT.
J Dev Behav Pediatr.
2010 Apr;31(3 Suppl):S75-8.Ativan:
20414083 [Ativan - in process]Related
Ativan Citations
Hunting down a double gap metabolic acidosis.
Yan
MT,
Chau T, Cheng CJ, Lin SH.
Ann Clin Biochem.
2010 May;47(Pt 3):267-70. Epub 2010 Apr 20.Ativan:
20406777 [Ativan - in process]Related
Ativan Citations
Systematic reviews of assessment measures and
pharmacologic treatments for agitation.
Zeller SL, Rhoades RW.
Clin Ther.
2010 Mar;32(3):403-25.Ativan:
20399981 [Ativan - in process]Related
Ativan Citations
Treatment of lactic acidosis: appropriate confusion.
Rachoin JS, Weisberg LS, McFadden CB.
J Hosp Med.
2010 Apr;5(4):E1-7.Ativan:
20394011 [Ativan - in process]Related
Ativan Citations
Clinical Effects and Toxicokinetic Evaluation
Following Massive Topiramate Ingestion.
Lynch MJ, Pizon AF, Siam MG,
Krasowski MD.
J Med Toxicol.
2010 Apr 8. [Epub ahead of print]Ativan:
20376593 [Ativan - as supplied by publisher]Related
Ativan Citations
Cytogenetic Activity of Newly Synthesized
1,5-Benzodiazepines in Normal Human Lymphocyte Cultures.
Ekonomopoulou MT, Tsoleridis CA, Argyraki M, Polatoglou E,
Stephanidou-Stephanatou J, Iakovidou-Kritsi Z.
Genet Test Mol Biomarkers.
2010 Apr 7. [Epub ahead of print]Ativan:
20373848 [Ativan - as supplied by publisher]Related
Ativan Citations
Deletion of puma protects hippocampal neurons in a
model of severe status epilepticus.
Engel T, Hatazaki S, Tanaka K,
Prehn JH, Henshall
DC.
Neuroscience.
2010 Jun 30;168(2):443-50. Epub 2010 Apr 1.Ativan:
20362645 [Ativan - in process]Related
Ativan Citations
Enhanced selectivity in CZE multi-chiral selector
enantioseparation systems: proposed separation mechanism.
Dubský P, Svobodová J, Tesarová E, Gas B.
Electrophoresis.
2010 May;31(9):1435-41.Ativan:
20358549 [Ativan - in process]Related
Ativan Citations
Recreational Use of Mephedrone
(4-Methylmethcathinone, 4-MMC) with Associated Sympathomimetic Toxicity.
Wood DM, Davies S, Puchnarewicz M, Button J, Archer R, Ovaska H, Ramsey J, Lee
T, Holt DW, Dargan PI.
J Med Toxicol.
2010 Apr 1. [Epub ahead of print]Ativan:
20358417 [Ativan - as supplied by publisher]Related
Ativan Citations
Anticonvulsants for alcohol withdrawal.
Minozzi S, Amato L, Vecchi S, Davoli M.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2010 Mar 17;3:CD005064. Review.Ativan:
20238337 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
Bupropion Induced Serotonin Syndrome: A Case Report.
Thorpe EL, Pizon AF, Lynch MJ, Boyer J.
J Med Toxicol.
2010 Mar 18. [Epub ahead of print]Ativan:
20238197 [Ativan - as supplied by publisher]Related
Ativan Citations
[Lamotrigine and the skin]
Bravo AE, Zimmermann T, Haschke M.
Praxis (Bern 1994).
2010 Mar 17;99(6):337-45; quiz 344. German.
Ativan: 20235021 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
Effect of dexmedetomidine versus lorazepam on
outcome in patients with sepsis: an a priori-designed analysis of the MENDS
randomized controlled trial.
Pandharipande PP, Sanders RD, Girard TD, McGrane S, Thompson JL, Shintani AK,
Herr DL, Maze M, Ely EW; the MENDS investigators.
Crit Care.
2010 Mar 16;14(2):R38. [Epub ahead of print]Ativan:
20233428 [Ativan - as supplied by publisher]Related
Ativan Citations
Kinetic and conformational studies of adenosine
deaminase upon interaction with oxazepam and lorazepam.
Moosavi-Movahedi AA, Tehrani HS, Amanlou M, Rad MN, Hakimelahi GH, Tsai FY,
Ataie G, Saboury AA, Ahmad F, Khalafi-Nezhad A, Poursasan N, Sharifizadeh A.
Protein Pept Lett.
2010 Feb;17(2):197-205.Ativan:
20214645 [Ativan - in process]Related
Ativan Citations
Pharmacodynamic differentiation of lorazepam
sleepiness and dizziness using an ordered categorical measure.
Kamal MA, Smith DE, Cook J, Feltner D, Moton A, Ouellet D.
J Pharm Sci.
2010 Mar 8. [Epub ahead of print]Ativan:
20213833 [Ativan - as supplied by publisher]Related
Ativan Citations
Experimental design for optimization of
microwave-assisted extraction of benzodiazepines in human plasma.
Fernández P, Vázquez C, Lorenzo RA, Carro AM, Alvarez I, Cabarcos P.
Anal Bioanal Chem.
2010 May;397(2):677-85. Epub 2010 Mar 5.Ativan:
20204329 [Ativan - in process]Related
Ativan Citations
Dexmedetomidine Controls Agitation and Facilitates
Reliable, Serial Neurological Examinations in a Non-Intubated Patient with
Traumatic Brain Injury.
Tang JF, Chen PL, Tang EJ, May TA, Stiver SI.
Neurocrit Care.
2010 Mar 3. [Epub ahead of print]Ativan:
20198514 [Ativan - as supplied by publisher]Related
Ativan Citations
Use of EEG monitoring and management of
non-convulsive seizures in critically ill patients: a survey of neurologists.
Abend
NS,
Dlugos DJ, Hahn CD, Hirsch LJ,
Herman ST.
Neurocrit Care.
2010 Jun;12(3):382-9.Ativan:
20198513 [Ativan - in process]Related
Ativan Citations
Intramuscular lorazepam in catatonia in patients
with acute renal failure: a report of two cases.
Huang CE, Huang TL.
Chang Gung Med J.
2010 Jan-Feb;33(1):106-9.Ativan:
20184802 [Ativan - in process]Free
ArticleRelated
Ativan Citations
Psychiatrist accused of dishonesty for prescribing
drugs to a patient under a false name.
Dyer C.
BMJ.
2010 Feb 19;340:c1036. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c1036. No abstract available.
Ativan: 20172924 [Ativan -
indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
Development and validation of an EI-GC-MS method for
the determination of benzodiazepine drugs and their metabolites in blood:
Applications in clinical and forensic toxicology.
Papoutsis II, Athanaselis SA, Nikolaou PD, Pistos CM,
Spiliopoulou
CA, Maravelias CP.
J Pharm Biomed Anal.
2010 Aug 1;52(4):609-14. Epub 2010 Feb 1.Ativan:
20172681 [Ativan - in process]Related
Ativan Citations
Effect of hypnotic drugs on body balance and
standing steadiness.
Mets MA, Volkerts ER, Olivier B, Verster JC.
Sleep Med Rev.
2010 Feb 17. [Epub ahead of print]Ativan:
20171127 [Ativan - as supplied by publisher]Related
Ativan Citations
Conversion disorder in a patient with posterior
fossa arachnoid cyst.
Dholakia SY, Shah PS, Prakash S.
J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci.
2010 Winter;22(1):123.E7-8. No abstract available.
Ativan: 20160225 [Ativan - indexed for
Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
Persistent focal seizures after cat scratch
encephalopathy.
Farooque P, Khurana DS, Melvin JJ.
Pediatr Neurol.
2010 Mar;42(3):215-8.Ativan:
20159433 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
Atypical behavioural effects of lorazepam: clues to
the design of novel therapies?
Giersch A, Boucart M, Elliott M, Vidailhet P.
Pharmacol Ther.
2010 Apr;126(1):94-108. Epub 2010 Feb 4.Ativan:
20138190 [Ativan - in process]Related
Ativan Citations
ECT in the treatment of a patient with catatonia:
consent and complications.
Zisselman MH, Jaffe RL.
Am J Psychiatry.
2010 Feb;167(2):127-32.Ativan:
20123920 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
Treatment of catatonia with methylphenidate in an
elderly patient with depression.
Prowler ML, Weiss D, Caroff SN.
Psychosomatics.
2010 Jan;51(1):74-6.Ativan:
20118444 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
A tendency for re-offending in drug-facilitated
crime.
Chèze M, Muckensturm A, Hoizey G, Pépin G, Deveaux M.
Forensic Sci Int.
2010 Mar 20;196(1-3):14-7. Epub 2010 Feb 8.Ativan:
20116946 [Ativan - in process]Related
Ativan Citations
Severe lactic acidosis after an iatrogenic propylene
glycol overdose.
Zosel A, Egelhoff E, Heard K.
Pharmacotherapy.
2010 Feb;30(2):219.Ativan:
20099997 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
[Update on current care guidelines. The treatment of
status epilepticus]
Kälviäinen R, Eriksson K, Häppölä O, Keränen T, Kurola J, Kuusela AL, Laukkala
T, Ruokonen E, Salmi T, Hirsso P, Kotila M; Suomalaisen Lääkäriseuran
Duodecimin; Suomen Lastenneurologinen Yhdistys RY:n; Suomen Neurologinen
Yhdistys RY:n Asettama Työryhmä.
Duodecim.
2009;125(22):2469-71. Finnish.
Ativan: 20095118 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
Memory in humans is unaffected by central
H1-antagonism, while objectively and subjectively measured sedation is
increased.
Van Ruitenbeek P, Vermeeren A, Riedel WJ.
Eur Neuropsychopharmacol.
2010 Apr;20(4):226-35. Epub 2010 Jan 18.Ativan:
20083393 [Ativan - in process]Related
Ativan Citations
Benzodiazepines medazepam and midazolam are
activators of pregnane X receptor and weak inducers of CYP3A4: investigation in
primary cultures of human hepatocytes and hepatocarcinoma cell lines.
Vrzal R, Kubesova K, Pavek P, Dvorak Z.
Toxicol Lett.
2010 Mar 15;193(2):183-8. Epub 2010 Jan 18.Ativan:
20080160 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
[Use of injectable lorazepam in status epilepticus:
A comparative study in French-speaking hospitals.]
Curatolo N, Prot-Labarthe S, Auvin S, Sachs P, Brion F, Bourdon O.
Rev Neurol (Paris).
2010 Jan 14. [Epub ahead of print] French.
Ativan: 20079911 [Ativan - as supplied by publisher]Related
Ativan Citations
Pregabalin, tiapride and lorazepam in alcohol
withdrawal syndrome: a multi-centre, randomized, single-blind comparison trial.
Martinotti G, di Nicola M, Frustaci A, Romanelli R, Tedeschi D, Guglielmo R,
Guerriero L, Bruschi A, De Filippis R, Pozzi G, Di Giannantonio M, Bria P,
Janiri L.
Addiction.
2010 Feb;105(2):288-99.Ativan:
20078487 [Ativan - in process]Related
Ativan Citations
Simultaneous determination and quantification of 12
benzodiazepines in serum or whole blood using UPLC/MS/MS.
Gunn J, Kriger S, Terrell
AR.
Methods Mol Biol.
2010;603:107-19.Ativan:
20077063 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
LC-MS/MS analysis of 13 benzodiazepines and
metabolites in urine, serum, plasma, and meconium.
Marin SJ, McMillin
GA.
Methods Mol Biol.
2010;603:89-105.Ativan:
20077062 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
Quantitation of benzodiazepines in blood and urine
using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
Goldberger BA, Chronister CW, Merves ML.
Methods Mol Biol.
2010;603:75-87.Ativan:
20077061 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
Recurrent opisthotonus in catatonia: An atypical
presentation.
Manjunatha N, Mehta UM, John P.
Indian J Med Sci.
2009 Nov;63(11):512-6.Ativan:
20075553 [Ativan - in process]Free
ArticleRelated
Ativan Citations
Efficacy of sodium valproate and haloperidol in the
management of acute mania: a randomized open-label comparative study.
Sekhar S, Kalra B, Mendhekar DN,
Tekur
U.
J Clin Pharmacol.
2010 Jun;50(6):688-92. Epub 2010 Jan 14.Ativan:
20075184 [Ativan - in process]Related
Ativan Citations
EFNS guideline on the management of status
epilepticus in adults.
Meierkord H, Boon P, Engelsen B, Göcke K, Shorvon S, Tinuper P, Holtkamp M.
Eur J Neurol.
2010 Mar;17(3):348-55. Epub 2009 Dec 30.Ativan:
20050893 [Ativan - in process]Related
Ativan Citations
Lorazepam modulates orbitofrontal signal changes
during emotional processing in catatonia.
Richter A, Grimm S, Northoff G.
Hum Psychopharmacol.
2010 Jan;25(1):55-62.Ativan:
20041475 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
Enzyme-assisted synthesis and structural
characterization of pure benzodiazepine glucuronide epimers.
Pallmann T, Jonas U, Wagner M, Thevis M, Kaeferstein H, Rothschild MA, Bender K.
Eur J Pharm Sci.
2010 Feb 19;39(4):233-40. Epub 2009 Dec 29.Ativan:
20036738 [Ativan - in process]Related
Ativan Citations
Optimizing emetic control in children receiving
antineoplastic therapy: beyond the guidelines.
Dupuis LL, Nathan PC.
Paediatr Drugs.
2010;12(1):51-61. doi: 10.2165/11316190-000000000-00000. Review.Ativan:
20034341 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
Lorazepam and diazepam for relieving catatonic
features precipitated by initial hemodialysis in a uremic patient: a case
report.
Tsai MC, Huang TL.
Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.
2010 Mar 17;34(2):423-4. Epub 2009 Dec 22. No abstract available.
Ativan: 20026370 [Ativan - indexed for
Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
Catatonia: clinical aspects and neurobiological
correlates.
Daniels J.
J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci.
2009 Fall;21(4):371-80. Review.Ativan:
19996245 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
Sedative load among long-term care facility
residents with and without dementia: a cross-sectional study.
Bell JS, Taipale HT, Soini H, Pitkälä KH.
Clin Drug Investig.
2010;30(1):63-70. doi: 10.2165/11531460-000000000-00000.Ativan:
19995099 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
A multi-center, double-blind, randomised study of
the Lavender oil preparation Silexan in comparison to Lorazepam for generalized
anxiety disorder.
Woelk H, Schläfke S.
Phytomedicine.
2010 Feb;17(2):94-9. Epub 2009 Dec 3.Ativan:
19962288 [Ativan - in process]Related
Ativan Citations
Profound reduction in sedation and analgesic
requirements using extended dexmedetomidine infusions in a patient with an open
abdomen.
Wallace S, Mecklenburg B, Hanling S.
Mil Med.
2009 Nov;174(11):1228-30.Ativan:
19960834 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
Patients' objections to electroconvulsive therapy.
Fox HA.
J ECT.
2009 Dec;25(4):288. No abstract available.
Ativan: 19956017 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
Adjunctive low-dose amisulpride in motor conversion
disorder.
Oulis P, Kokras N, Papadimitriou GN, Masdrakis VG.
Clin Neuropharmacol.
2009 Nov-Dec;32(6):342-3.Ativan:
19952874 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
Preparation of lorazepam-loaded microemulsions for
intranasal delivery and its pharmacokinetics.
Yao
J, Hou L, Zhou JP, Zhang ZQ, Sun L.
Pharmazie.
2009 Oct;64(10):642-7.Ativan:
19947165 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
Cyproterone to treat aggressivity in dementia: a
clinical case and systematic review.
Bolea-Alamanac BM, Davies SJ, Christmas DM, Baxter H, Cullum S, Nutt DJ.
J Psychopharmacol.
2009 Nov 26. [Epub ahead of print]Ativan:
19942637 [Ativan - as supplied by publisher]Related
Ativan Citations
Electroconvulsive Therapy-Responsive Catatonia in a
Medically Complicated Patient.
Romanowicz M, Sola CL.
J ECT.
2009 Nov 19. [Epub ahead of print]Ativan:
19935089 [Ativan - as supplied by publisher]Related
Ativan Citations
Propylene glycol accumulation in critically ill
patients receiving continuous intravenous lorazepam infusions.
Horinek EL, Kiser TH, Fish DN, MacLaren R.
Ann Pharmacother.
2009 Dec;43(12):1964-71. Epub 2009 Nov 17.Ativan:
19920159 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
Catatonic syndrome associated with lead
intoxication: a case report.
Modabbernia MJ, Mirsafa
AR,
Modabbernia A, Pilehroodi F, Shirazi M.
Cases J.
2009 Aug 11;2:8722.Ativan:
19918400 [Ativan - in process]Free
PMC ArticleFree
textRelated
Ativan Citations
Topiramate overdose: A case report of a patient with
extremely high topiramate serum concentrations and nonconvulsive status
epilepticus.
Brandt C, Elsner H, Füratsch N, Hoppe M, Nieder E, Rambeck B, Ebner A, May TW.
Epilepsia.
2009 Nov 3. [Epub ahead of print]Ativan:
19889015 [Ativan - as supplied by publisher]Related
Ativan Citations
Conversion visual loss: a differential diagnosis in
infant amblyopia.
Laria C, Perez ME, Perez E, Pinero DP, Ruiz-Moreno JM, Aliò JL.
Eur J Ophthalmol.
2009 Nov-Dec;19(6):1065-8.Ativan:
19882565 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
Use of dexmedetomidine for primary sedation in a
general intensive care unit.
Short J.
Crit Care Nurse.
2010 Feb;30(1):29-38; quiz 39. Epub 2009 Oct 29. No abstract available. Erratum
in: Crit Care Nurse. 2010 Apr;30(2):15.
Ativan: 19875767 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
A fatality from an oral ingestion of
methamphetamine.
Kiely E, Lee CJ, Marinetti L.
J Anal Toxicol.
2009 Oct;33(8):557-60.Ativan:
19874669 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
Electroconvulsive therapy for malignant catatonia in
adolescence.
Dhossche DM, Shettar SM, Kumar T, Burt L.
South Med J.
2009 Nov;102(11):1170-2.Ativan:
19864990 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
Novel compounds designed as antistress agents.
Tsiakitzis KC, Rekka EA, Kourounakis AP, Kourounakis PN.
J Med Chem.
2009 Nov 26;52(22):7315-8.Ativan:
19863055 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
The effects of lorazepam on extrastriatal dopamine
D(2/3)-receptors-A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled PET study.
Vilkman H, Kajander J, Aalto S, Vahlberg T, Någren K, Allonen T, Syvälahti E,
Hietala J.
Psychiatry Res.
2009 Nov 30;174(2):130-7.Ativan:
19846281 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
Effects of pregabalin on post operative morphine
consumption and pain after abdominal hysterectomy with/without
salphingo-oophorectomy: a randomized, double-blind trial.
Ittichaikulthol W, Virankabutra T, Kunopart M, Khamhom W, Putarawuthichai P,
Rungphet S.
J Med Assoc Thai.
2009 Oct;92(10):1318-23.Ativan:
19845240 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
Review article: Convulsive and non-convulsive status
epilepticus: an emergency medicine perspective.
Shah AM, Vashi A, Jagoda A.
Emerg Med Australas.
2009 Oct;21(5):352-66.Ativan:
19840084 [Ativan - in process]Related
Ativan Citations
Epilepsia partialis continua responsive to
intravenous levetiracetam.
Eggers C, Burghaus L, Fink GR, Dohmen C.
Seizure.
2009 Dec;18(10):716-8.Ativan:
19836263 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
Chronic gamma-hydroxybutyric-acid use followed by
gamma-hydroxybutyric-acid withdrawal mimic schizophrenia: a case report.
Constantinides P, Vincent P.
Cases J.
2009 Jul 10;2:7520.Ativan:
19829990 [Ativan - in process]Free
PMC ArticleFree
textRelated
Ativan Citations
Quetiapine: Relatively safe in overdose?
Mattoo
SK,
Shah R, Rajagopal R, Biswas PS, Singh SM.
Indian J Psychiatry.
2009 Apr;51(2):139-40.Ativan:
19823635 [Ativan - in process]Free
PMC ArticleFree
textRelated
Ativan Citations
Benzodiazepines for delirium.
Lonergan E, Luxenberg J, Areosa Sastre A.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2009 Oct 7;(4):CD006379. Review.Ativan:
19821364 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
Effects of Lorazepam and citalopram on human
defensive reactions: ethopharmacological differentiation of fear and anxiety.
Perkins AM, Ettinger U, Davis
R, Foster R, Williams SC, Corr PJ.
J Neurosci.
2009 Oct 7;29(40):12617-24.Ativan:
19812336 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Free
ArticleRelated
Ativan Citations
Reducing abuse liability of GABAA/benzodiazepine
ligands via selective partial agonist efficacy at alpha1 and alpha2/3 subtypes.
Ator NA, Atack JR, Hargreaves RJ, Burns HD, Dawson GR.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther.
2010 Jan;332(1):4-16. Epub 2009 Sep 29.Ativan:
19789360 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
Translocator protein blockade reduces prostate tumor
growth.
Fafalios A, Akhavan A, Parwani AV, Bies RR, McHugh KJ, Pflug BR.
Clin Cancer Res.
2009 Oct 1;15(19):6177-84. Epub 2009 Sep 29.Ativan:
19789311 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
Intense lorazepam-induced sexual arousal.
Simões S, Amorim J, Machado A.
Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.
2010 Feb 1;34(1):236-7. Epub 2009 Sep 25. No abstract available.
Ativan: 19786053 [Ativan - indexed for
Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
[Haloperidol plus promethazine for agitated
patients--a systematic review]
Huf G, Coutinho ES, Adams CE.
Rev Bras Psiquiatr.
2009 Sep;31(3):265-70. Review. Portuguese.
Ativan: 19784494 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Free
ArticleRelated
Ativan Citations
Alcohol and drugs in suspected impaired drivers in
Ontario from 2001 to 2005.
Palmentier JP, Warren R, Gorczynski LY.
J Forensic Leg Med.
2009 Nov;16(8):444-8. Epub 2009 Jun 21.Ativan:
19782313 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
An electronic regulatory document management system
for a clinical trial network.
Zhao W, Durkalski V, Pauls K, Dillon C, Kim J, Kolk D, Silbergleit R, Stevenson
V, Palesch Y.
Contemp Clin Trials.
2010 Jan;31(1):27-33. Epub 2009 Sep 24.Ativan:
19782156 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
A case of alcohol withdrawal requiring 1,600 mg of
lorazepam in 24 hours.
Kahn DR, Barnhorst AV, Bourgeois JA.
CNS Spectr.
2009 Jul;14(7):385-9.Ativan:
19773714 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
Successful use of dexmedetomidine for sedation in a
24-week gestational age neonate.
O'Mara K, Gal P, Ransommd JL, Wimmermd JE Jr, Carlosmd RQ, Dimaguilamd MA,
Davonzomd C, Smithmd M.
Ann Pharmacother.
2009 Oct;43(10):1707-13. Epub 2009 Sep 15.Ativan:
19755621 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
Comparative efficacy of pregabalin and
benzodiazepines in treating the psychic and somatic symptoms of generalized
anxiety disorder.
Lydiard RB, Rickels K, Herman B, Feltner DE.
Int J Neuropsychopharmacol.
2010 Mar;13(2):229-41. Epub 2009 Sep 9.Ativan:
19737439 [Ativan - indexed for Ativan]Related
Ativan Citations
A clinical, radiological and outcome study of status
epilepticus from India.
Kalita J, Nair PP, Misra
UK.
J Neurol.
2010 Feb;257(2):224-9.Ativan:
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Pharmacology
Anxiolytic - Sedative
Lorazepam is a benzodiazepine with CNS depressant, anxiolytic and sedative
properties. Peak serum concentrations of free lorazepam after oral
administration are reached in 1 to 6 hours. Peak concentrations are
reached in 60 to 90 minutes after i.m. administration and in 60 minutes after
sublingual administration. Lorazepam is 85% bound to plasma proteins.
Lorazepam is rapidly conjugated to an inactive glucuronide. Very small amounts
of other metabolites have also been isolated in man. The serum half-life of
lorazepam is approximately 12 to 15 hours while the half-life of the conjugate
is 16 to 20 hours. Ninety-five percent of the drug was excreted within
120 hours, 88% in the urine and 6.6% in the stool.
Anterograde amnesia, decreased or lack of recall of events during period of drug
action, has been reported after administration of lorazepam and appears to be
dose-related.
Indications
The short-term relief of manifestations of
excessive anxiety in patients with anxiety neurosis. Adjunct for the relief of
excessive anxiety that might be present prior to surgical procedures.
Anxiety and tension associated with the stresses of everyday life usually do not
require treatment with anxiolytic drugs.
Injectable lorazepam is useful as an initial anticonvulsant medication for the
control of status epilepticus.
Contraindications
Myasthenia gravis, acute narrow angle
glaucoma, known hypersensitivity to benzodiazepines. Lorazepam injectable is
also contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to polyethylene
glycol, propylene glycol or benzyl alcohol.
Lorazepam should not be injected intra-arterially and care should be taken to
prevent its extravasation into tissue adjacent to an artery because of the
danger of producing arteriospasm resulting in gangrene which may require
amputation.
Warnings
Lorazepam is not
recommended for use in depressive neurosis or in psychotic reactions. Because of the
lack of sufficient clinical experience, lorazepam is not recommended for use in
patients less than 18 years of age. Since lorazepam has a CNS depressant
effect, patients should be advised against the simultaneous use of other CNS
depressant drugs. Patients should also be cautioned not to take alcohol
during the administration of lorazepam because of the potentiation of effects
that may occur.
Occupational Hazards:
Excessive sedation has been observed with lorazepam at standard therapeutic
doses.
Therefore, patients should be warned against engaging in hazardous activities
requiring mental alertness and motor coordination, such as operating dangerous
machinery or driving motor vehicles.
Prior to i.v. use, lorazepam injection should be diluted with an equal amount of
compatible diluent (see Dosage). I.V. injection should be made slowly and with
repeated aspiration. Care should be taken to determine that any injection will
not be intraarterial and that perivascular extravasation will not take place.
Partial airway obstruction may occur in heavily sedated patients. I.V. lorazepam,
when given alone in greater than the recommended dose, or at the recommended
dose and accompanied by other drugs used during the administration of
anesthesia, may produce heavy sedation; therefore, equipment necessary to
maintain a patent airway and to support respiration/ventilation should be
available.
As with any premedicant, extreme care must be used in administering lorazepam
injection to elderly or very ill patients and to those with limited pulmonary
reserve, because of the possibility that apnea and/or cardiac arrest may occur.
Because of the lack of sufficient clinical experience lorazepam injection is not
recommended for use in patients less than 18 years of age.
Clinical trials have shown that patients over the age of 50 years may have a
more profound and prolonged sedation with i.v. lorazepam. Ordinarily an
initial dose of 2 mg may be adequate, unless a greater degree of lack of recall
is desired.
There is no evidence to support the use of lorazepam injection in coma, shock or
acute alcohol intoxication at this time. When lorazepam injection is used in
patients with mild to moderate hepatic or renal disease, the lowest effective
dose should be considered since drug effect may be prolonged.
As is true of other similar CNS acting drugs, patients receiving injectable
lorazepam should not operate machinery or engage in hazardous occupations or
drive a motor vehicle for a period of 24 to 48 hours. Impairment of performance
may persist for greater intervals because of extremes of age, concomitant use of
other drugs, stress of surgery or the general condition of the patient.
The addition of scopolamine to injectable lorazepam is not recommended, since
their combined effect may result in increased incidence of sedation,
hallucination and irrational behaviour.
Care should be exercised when administering lorazepam to patients with status
epilepticus, especially when the patient has received other CNS depressants or
is severely ill. The possibility that respiratory arrest may occur or that the
patient may have partial airway obstruction should be considered. Proper
resuscitation equipment should be available.
Pregnancy:
The safety of the use of lorazepam in pregnancy has not been established.
Therefore, it is not recommended for use during pregnancy or lactation. Several
studies have suggested an increased risk of congenital malformations associated
with the use of the benzodiazepines, chlordiazepoxide and diazepam, and
meprobamate, during the first trimester of pregnancy. Since lorazepam is also a
benzodiazepine derivative, its administration is rarely justified in women of
childbearing potential. If the drug is prescribed to a woman of childbearing
potential, she should be warned to contact her physician regarding
discontinuation of the drug if she intends to become or suspects that she is
pregnant.
In women, blood levels obtained from umbilical cord blood indicate placental
transfer of lorazepam and lorazepam glucuronide. Lorazepam injection should not
be used during pregnancy. There are insufficient data regarding obstetrical
safety of parenteral lorazepam, including use in cesarean section. Such use,
therefore, is not recommended.
Precautions
Elderly and debilitated patients, or those
with organic brain syndrome, have been found to be prone to CNS depression after
even low doses of benzodiazepines. Therefore, medication should be initiated in
these patients with very low initial doses, and increments should be made
gradually, depending on the patient's response, in order to avoid oversedation
or neurological impairment. Extreme care must be used in administering lorazepam
injection to elderly patients, very ill patients, and to patients with limited
pulmonary reserve, because of the possibility that underventilation and/or
hypoxic cardiac arrest may occur. Resuscitative equipment for ventilatory
support should be readily available.
Lorazepam should not be administered to individuals prone to drug abuse.
Observe caution in patients who are considered to have potential for
psychological dependence. Lorazepam should be withdrawn gradually if it
has been used in high dosage.
As with other benzodiazepines, lorazepam injection has a low potential for abuse
and may lead to limited dependence. Although there are no clinical data
available for injectable lorazepam in this respect, physicians should be aware
that repeated doses over a prolonged period of time may result in limited
physical and psychological dependence.
Lorazepam is not recommended for the treatment of psychotic or depressed
patients. Since excitement
and other paradoxical reactions can result from the use of these drugs in
psychotic patients, they should not be used in ambulatory patients suspected of
having psychotic tendencies.
As with other anxiolytic-sedative drugs, lorazepam should not be used in
patients with nonpathological anxiety. These drugs are also not effective in
patients with characterological and personality disorders or those with
obsessive-compulsive neurosis.
When using lorazepam, it should be recognized that suicidal tendencies may be
present and that protective measures may be required.
Since the liver is the most likely site of conjugation of lorazepam and since
excretion of conjugated lorazepam is a renal function, the usual precautions
should be taken if lorazepam is used in patients who may have some impairment of
renal or hepatic function. In such cases, the dose should be very carefully
titrated.
In patients for whom prolonged lorazepam therapy is indicated, periodic blood
counts and liver function tests should be carried out.
When injectable lorazepam is used in patients with mild to moderate hepatic or
renal disease, the lowest effective dose should be considered since drug effect
may be prolonged.
While lorazepam has been shown to control status epilepticus promptly, it is not
recommended for maintenance treatment of epilepsy. After seizures are
controlled, agents useful in the prevention of further seizures should be
administered. In the treatment of status epilepticus due to acute reversible
metabolic derangement (e.g., hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, hyponatremia) immediate
efforts should be made to correct the specific defect.
Drug Interactions:
If lorazepam is to be combined with other drugs acting on the CNS, careful
consideration should be given to the pharmacology of the agents to be employed
because of the possible potentiation of drug effects. The benzodiazepines,
including lorazepam, produce CNS depressant effects when administered with such
medications as barbiturates or alcohol.
Lorazepam injection, like other injectable benzodiazepines, also produces
depression of the CNS when administered with ethyl alcohol, phenothiazines,
barbiturates, MAO inhibitors and other antidepressants. When scopolamine is used
concomitantly with injectable lorazepam, an increased incidence of sedation,
hallucinations and irrational behaviour has been observed.
When lorazepam injection is used i.v. as the premedicant prior to regional or
local anesthesia, the possibility of excessive sleepiness or drowsiness may
interfere with patient cooperation to determine levels of anesthesia. This is
most likely to occur when a dose greater than 0.05 mg/kg is given and when
narcotic analgesics are used concomitantly with the recommended dose.
Adverse Effects
Drowsiness is the most frequently reported
adverse effect. Other reported adverse effects are dizziness, weakness, fatigue
and lethargy, disorientation, ataxia, anterograde amnesia, nausea, change in
appetite, change in weight, depression, blurred vision and diplopia, psychomotor
agitation, sleep disturbance, vomiting, sexual disturbance, headache, skin
rashes, gastrointestinal, ear, nose and throat, musculoskeletal and respiratory
disturbances.
Release of hostility and other paradoxical effects, such as irritability and
excitability have occurred with benzodiazepines. In addition, hypotension,
mental confusion, slurred speech, oversedation and abnormal liver and kidney
function tests and hematocrit values have been reported with these drugs.
The most frequent adverse effects seen with injectable lorazepam are an
extension of the CNS depressant effects of the drug. Excessive sleepiness and
drowsiness are the main side effects: the incidences reported depended on the
dosage, route of administration, concomitant use of other CNS depressants and
the investigators' expectations concerning the degree and duration of sedation.
When injectable lorazepam was given i.v., patients over 50 years of age had a
higher incidence of excessive sedation than patients under 50 years of age.
Restlessness, confusion, depression, crying, sobbing, delerium, hallucinations,
dizziness, diplopia have been reported. Hypertension and hypotension have
occasionally been observed after injectable lorazepam.
Respiratory depression and partial airway obstruction have been observed after
injectable lorazepam. Skin rash, nausea and vomiting have been noted
occasionally in patients who have received injectable lorazepam combined with
other drugs during anesthesia and surgery.
Pain at the injection site, a sensation of burning, and redness in the same area
have been reported after i.m. administration of injectable lorazepam. Pain in
the immediate postinjection period and redness at the 24 hour observation period
also have been reported after i.v. administration of injectable lorazepam.
Overdose
Symptoms:
With benzodiazepines, including lorazepam, symptoms of mild overdosage include
drowsiness, mental confusion and lethargy. In more serious overdosage, symptoms
may include ataxia, hypotonia, hypotension, hypnosis, stages I to III coma and,
very rarely, death.
Treatment:
In the case of an oral overdose, if vomiting has not occurred spontaneously and
the patient is fully awake, it may be induced with 20 to 30 mL of ipecac syrup
USP. Institute gastric lavage as soon as possible, and introduce 50 to 100 g of
activated charcoal to the stomach and allow it to remain there. Institute
general supportive therapy as indicated. Vital signs and fluid balance should be
carefully monitored. An adequate airway should be maintained and assisted
respiration used as needed. With normally functioning kidneys, forced diuresis
with i.v. fluids and electrolytes may accelerate elimination of benzodiazepines
from the body. In addition, osmotic diuretics such as mannitol may be effective
as adjunctive measures. In more critical situations, renal dialysis and exchange
blood transfusions may be indicated. Published reports indicate that i.v.
infusion of 0.5 to 4 mg of physostigmine at the rate of 1 mg/minute may reverse
symptoms and signs suggestive of central anticholinergic overdose (confusion,
memory disturbance, visual disturbances, hallucinations, delirium); however,
hazards associated with the use of physostigmine (i.e., induction of seizures)
should be weighed against its possible clinical benefit.
Dosage
Dosage must be individualized and carefully
titrated in order to avoid excessive sedation or mental and motor impairment. As
with other anxiolytic sedatives, short courses of treatment should usually be
the rule for the symptomatic relief of disabling anxiety in psychoneurotic
patients and the initial course of treatment should not last longer than 1 week
without reassessment of the need for a limited extension. Initially, not more
than 1 week's supply of the drug should be provided and automatic prescription
renewals should not be allowed. Subsequent prescriptions, when required, should
be limited to short courses of therapy.
Generalized anxiety disorder:
The recommended initial adult daily oral dosage is 2 mg in divided doses of 0.5
mg, 0.5 mg and 1 mg, or of 1 mg and 1 mg. The daily dosage should be carefully
increased or decreased by 0.5 mg depending upon tolerance and response. The
usual daily dosage is 2 to 3 mg. However, the optimal dosage may range from 1 to
4 mg daily in individual patients. Usually, a daily dosage of 6 mg should not be
exceeded.
The initial daily dose in elderly and debilitated patients should not exceed 0.5
mg and should be very carefully and gradually adjusted, depending upon tolerance
and response.
Excessive anxiety prior to surgical procedures:
Adults:
Usually 50 mcg/kg to a maximum of 4 mg given sublingually (1 to 2 hours before
surgery) or i.m. (2 to 3 hours before surgery). As with all premedicant drugs,
the dose should be individualized. Doses of other CNS depressant drugs should
ordinarily be reduced.
When a rapid onset of action is required, lorazepam may be given i.v., 15 to 20
minutes before surgery. The usual i.v. dose is 44 mcg/kg or 2.0 mg total,
whichever is smaller.
I.V. doses in excess of 2 mg should be restricted to patients of unusual size. A
dose of 2 mg should not ordinarily be exceeded in patients over 50 years of age.
Doses of other CNS depressants should ordinarily be reduced.
Equipment necessary to maintain a patent airway should be immediately available
prior to i.v. administration of lorazepam.
Status Epilepticus:
Adults:
The usual recommended initial dose of lorazepam is 0.05 mg/kg up to a maximum of
4 mg given by slow i.v. injection. If seizures are terminated, no additional
lorazepam is required. If seizures continue or recur after a 10 to 15 minute
observation period, an additional i.v. dose of 0.05 mg/kg may be administered.
If the second dose does not result in seizure control after another 10 to 15
minute observation period, other measures to control status epilepticus should
be employed. A maximum of 8 mg only, of lorazepam, should be administered during
a 12 hour period.
Administration:
The sublingual tablet, when placed under the tongue, will dissolve in
approximately 20 seconds. The patients should not swallow for at least 2 minutes
to allow sufficient time for absorption.
When given i.m., lorazepam injection, undiluted, should be injected deep into a
muscle mass.
Lorazepam injectable can be used with atropine sulfate, narcotic analgesics,
other parenterally used analgesics, commonly used anesthetics and muscle
relaxants. The use of scopolamine with lorazepam injection is not recommended
since this combination has been associated with a higher incidence of adverse
reactions.
Immediately prior to i.v. use, lorazepam injection must be diluted with an equal
volume of compatible solution. When properly diluted the drug may be injected
directly into the vein or into the tubing of an existing i.v. infusion. The rate
of injection should not exceed 2 mg/minute. Parenteral drug products should be
inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to
administration. Do not use if solution is discolored or contains a precipitate.
Lorazepam injection is compatible for dilution purposes with the following
solutions: Sterile Water for Injection, USP, Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, 5%
Dextrose Injection, USP, Bacteriostatic Sodium Chloride Injection, USP with
benzyl alcohol, Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP with parabens,
Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP with benzyl alcohol.
Directions for dilution for i.v. use:
Aspirate the desired amount of lorazepam injection into the syringe, then slowly
aspirate the desired volume of diluent. Pull back slightly on the plunger to
provide additional mixing space. Immediately mix contents thoroughly by gently
inverting the syringe repeatedly until a homogenous solution results. Do not
shake vigorously since this will result in air entrapment.
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